Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases

Introduction. Endothelial dysfunction is the result of numerous infectious or noninfectious acute and chronic diseases, mechanical damage, hemodynamic imbalance and effects of certain drugs. Endothelial dysfunction can be assessed by determining biomarkers (adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, and noninvasive visualization biomarkers). Intercellular adhesion molecule -1 and vascular cellular adhesion molecule. Adhesion molecules mediate the interaction of cells with the extracellular matrix, as well as with other cells. It is shown that adhesion molecules and molecules of the extracellular matrix are markers of endothelial dysfunction and they are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. P-selectin and E-selectin. Determination of these two mediators is important not only in the evaluation of endothelial damage in acute inflammation, but in other chronic non-infectious conditions such as atherosclerosis. C-reactive protein. C-reactive protein reduces the transcription of endothelial nitric oxide synthase at the level of the endothelial cells and 'destabilize' their messenger ribonucleic acid, thus leading to a reduction of the synthesis of nitric oxide, in the basal and stimulated conditions, which is significant for the development of endothelial dysfunction as a part of the formation of subclinical atherosclerosis. Vascular endothelial growth factor, fibrinogen and thrombomodulin. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a cytokine that stimulates angiogenesis for the purpose of revascularization of ischemic tissues, and mediates in a variety of functions of endothelial cells, including proliferation, migration, invasion, survival and permeability. Noninvasive visualization biomarkers. Determination of intima-media complex thickness and calcium score index by computed tomography are considered clinically reliable methods in prevention and early diagnosis of coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction, changing the basic concepts of prevention. Conclusion. At this point it is not easy to say what clinical significance are listed biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in determining the risk for cardiovascular disease.