Nano therapeutic approaches to combat progression of metastatic prostate cancer

Abstract Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most widespread cancer in men. One of its important characteristics is that adrenal gland continues to release androgens, even after the castration mediated reduced synthesis of testosterone, which results into the development of PC, forming one of the key obstacles for its treatment. Despite this fact, it is also one of the most successfully treated cancers, with better prognosis for most patients along with various options for screening and treating PC. But the conventional methods of treatment possess various limitations, including nonspecific distribution, systemic toxicity, and side effects. To confront these drawbacks, the approach of nanodelivery in PC therapy has been extensively studied. This review addresses the significant discoveries of targeted nano delivery approaches, functionalization approaches, synthetic- and biological-nano technological approaches via various routes, aptamer-based delivery, extracellular vesicles-based delivery, role of computational, and artificial intelligence, in addition to latest clinical trial of various nanoparticles for treating PC.