iPhone App compared with standard blood pressure measurement –The iPARR trial: The iPARR trial

Abstract Background: The possibility to use built-in smartphone-cameras for photoplethysmographic (PPG) recording of pulse waves lead to the release of numerous health apps, claiming to measure blood pressure (BP) based on PPG signals. Even though these apps are highly popular, not a single one is clinically validated. Aim of the current study was to test systolic BP (sBP) estimation by a promising new algorithm in a large clinical setting. Methods: The study was designed based on the European Society of Hypertension International Protocol Revision 2010 (ESH-IP2010). Each individual received seven sequential BP measurements, starting with the reference device - an automated oscillometric cuff device -  followed by the PPG recording at the patients' index finger. Results: A total 1036 subjects were recruited of which 965 could be included for final analysis leading to 2895 pairs of comparison. Mean (±SD) error between test and reference device was -0.41 (±16.52) mmHg. Only 38.1% of all 2895 BP comparisons reached a delta within ±5 mmHg, while 29.3% reached a delta larger than 15 mmHg. Bland-Altman plot showed an overestimation of smartphone sBP in comparison to reference sBP in low range and an underestimation in high sBP range. Conclusions: According to the ESH-IP2010 specifications the algorithm failed validation criteria for sBP measurement and was not commercialized. These findings emphasize that health apps should be rigorously validated according to common guidelines before market release as under- and/or overestimation of BP is potentially exposing persons at health risks in short and long term. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02552030.