Protection against Atlantic halibut nodavirus in turbot is induced by recombinant capsid protein vaccination but not following DNA vaccination

Abstract Fish nodaviruses (betanodaviruses) are small, non-enveloped icosahedral single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses that can cause viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) in a number of cultured marine teleost species, including Atlantic halibut ( Hippoglossus hippoglossus ). A recombinant protein vaccine and a DNA vaccine were produced, based on the same capsid-encoding region of the Atlantic halibut nodavirus (AHNV) genome, and tested for protection in juvenile turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus ). Vaccine efficacy was demonstrated in the fish vaccinated with recombinant capsid protein but not in the DNA-vaccinated fish, despite the fact that in vivo expression of the DNA vaccine-encoded antigen was confirmed by RNA in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry. Combined DNA and recombinant vaccine administration did not improve the effect of the latter. Surprisingly, fish vaccinated with 50 μg recombinant protein demonstrated a threefold lower survival rate than the two groups that received 10 μg recombinant protein. Neither the recombinant protein vaccine nor the DNA vaccine induced anti-viral antibodies 9 weeks after immunisation, while antibodies reactive with the recombinant protein were detectable mainly in fish vaccinated with 50 μg recombinant protein. The study also demonstrates evidence of viral replication inside the myocytes of intramuscularly challenged fish.