Increasing evidence for the presence of alternative proteins in human tissues and cell lines

Recent findings coming from human proteome research employing mass-spectrometry and ribosomal profiling methods have provided evidence for the translation of non-annotated coding sequence (CDSs) into alternative proteins (APs). The presence of APs in many human tissues and cell lines may become an important issue in genome sciences, especially in cancer genomics where the frequency of alternative proteins seems to be 10-fold higher than normal tissues. Finding new proteins can impact medical research by filling gaps in known molecular pathways or revealing new molecular markers and therapeutic targets. Among the cellular processes possibly involved in protein diversity, alternative splicing (AS) is the most cited, and it consists of an often-regulated mechanism that generates different mRNAs from the same gene, contributing to the functional diversity of mammalian cells. In the past, evidence for AS from multi-exon genes have come mainly from expression sequence tag (EST) data; only recently has mass-spectrometry (MS) been used to investigate the translation of alternative transcripts. Exploration of human MS data has detected tens to hundreds of alternative proteins in normal tissues, and thousands in cancer cell lines, suggesting that alternative proteins may have an important role in cancer.