Avocado rhizobacteria emit volatile organic compounds with antifungal activity against Fusarium solani, Fusarium sp. associated with Kuroshio shot hole borer, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Abstract Recent studies showed that bacterial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play an important role in the suppression of phytopathogens. The ability of VOCs produced by avocado ( Persea americana Mill.) rhizobacteria to suppress the growth of common avocado pathogens was therefore investigated. We evaluated the antifungal activity of VOCs emitted by avocado rhizobacteria in a first screening against Fusarium solani, and in subsequent antagonism assays against Fusarium sp. associated with Kuroshio shot hole borer, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Phytophthora cinnamomi , responsible for Fusarium dieback, anthracnosis and Phytophthora root rot in avocado, respectively. We also analyzed the composition of the bacterial volatile profiles by solid phase microextraction (SPME) gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Seven isolates, belonging to the bacterial genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas , reduced the mycelial growth of F. solani with inhibition percentages higher than 20%. Isolate HA, related to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens , significantly reduced the mycelial growth of Fusarium sp. and C. gloeosporioides and the mycelium density of P. cinnamomi . Isolates SO and SJJ, also members of the genus Bacillus , reduced Fusarium sp. mycelial growth and induced morphological alterations of fungal hyphae whilst isolate HB, close to B. mycoides , inhibited C. gloeosporioides . The analysis of the volatile profiles revealed the presence of ketones, pyrazines and sulfur-containing compounds, previously reported with antifungal activity. Altogether, our results support the potential of avocado rhizobacteria to act as biocontrol agents of avocado fungal pathogens and emphasize the importance of Bacillus spp. for the control of emerging avocado diseases such as Fusarium dieback.