Liquid-based growth of polymeric carbon nitride layers and their use in a mesostructured polymer solar cell with Voc exceeding 1 V

Herein we report a general liquid-mediated pathway for the growth of continuous polymeric carbon nitride (C 3 N 4 ) thin films. The deposition method consists of the use of supramolecular complexes that transform to the liquid state before direct thermal condensation into C 3 N 4 solid films. The resulting films exhibit continuous porous C 3 N 4 networks on various substrates. Moreover, the optical absorption can be easily tuned to cover the solar spectrum by the insertion of an additional molecule into the starting complex. The strength of the deposition method is demonstrated by the use of the C 3 N 4 layer as the electron acceptor in a polymer solar cell that exhibits a remarkable open-circuit voltage exceeding 1 V. The easy, safe, and direct synthesis of carbon nitride in a continuous layered architecture on different functional substrates opens new possibilities for the fabrication of many energy-related devices.