Optimizing the yield of transient mono-dimethyl disulfide adducts for elucidating double bond positions of long chain alkenones

Abstract Long chain alkenones (LCAs) are among the most successful biomarkers for paleotemperature reconstructions. However, fundamental questions regarding the biosynthesis and cellular functions of alkenones in haptophyte algae remain poorly understood. Recent discoveries of LCAs with double bond positions and chain lengths that differ from common structures further highlight the importance of continued research into structural variations of this important class of lipid biomarkers to improve LCA applications as temperature proxies. Double bond positions on alkyl chains can be effectively determined by preparing mono-double bond adducts with dimethyl disulfide (DMDS-1), and subsequent gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. However, previously published procedures for adduct preparation were originally designed for mono-unsaturated fatty acids, and generally produce low product yields when applied to alkenones. Here we demonstrate that the problem originates mainly from DMDS and alkenone overreaction at high temperatures for long time periods, and, secondarily, insufficient amount of iodine catalyst. The overreaction results in DMDS reacting with multiple double bonds, and the possible formation of intermolecular linkages, creating non-volatile products. These products are of little use for elucidating alkenone structures. We demonstrate that by reducing the reaction temperature and time, and by using an optimal amount of iodine, we can maximize the yield of transient DMDS-1 adducts for alkenone structure determination.