CO$_2$-driven diffusiophoresis for removal of bacteria

We investigate CO$_2$-driven diffusiophoresis of colloidal particles and bacterial cells in a Hele-Shaw geometry. Combining experiments and a model, we understand the characteristic length and time scales of CO$_2$-driven diffusiophoresis in relation to system dimensions and CO$_2$ diffusivity. Directional migration of wild-type V. cholerae and a mutant lacking flagella, as well as S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, near a dissolving CO$_2$ source shows that diffusiophoresis of bacteria is achieved independent of cell shape and Gram stain. Long-time experiments suggest possible applications for bacterial diffusiophoresis to cleaning systems or anti-biofouling surfaces.