Cosmogenic radionuclide production modeling with Geant4: Experimental benchmarking and application to nuclear spectroscopy of asteroid (16) Psyche

Abstract Measurements of gamma-ray emissions from the decay of cosmogenic radionuclides provide an opportunity to characterize the elemental composition of a terrestrial planet or asteroid surface. We report on the development of a Geant4 application which models cosmogenic radionuclide production on metal-rich surfaces. The model was benchmarked using measurements of radionuclides produced during 1  GeV proton irradiation of a target made from the Campo del Cielo iron meteorite. The gamma-ray emitting radionuclides 58 Co, 57 Co, 56 Co, 54 Mn, 52 Mn, 51 Cr, 48 V, 46 Sc and 22 Na were observed following the irradiation. Our model reproduced the measured radionuclide production rates to within a factor of 2.5 or better. All but two of the elements ( 54 Mn, 46 Sc) have a perfect model-to-data match within their measurement uncertainties. The benchmarked model was used to predict cosmogenic radionuclide production on a large (∼100-km radius) metal-rich asteroid. The results are relevant for planned gamma-ray measurements of the metallic asteroid (16) Psyche, which will be visited by the Psyche spacecraft in 2026. We found that galactic-proton-induced radionuclide decay is unlikely to be observed by the Psyche Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (GRS), however an intense solar proton event (>2 × 10 6 protons  cm −2 over