Dynamics of HIV reservoir decay and naïve CD4 T-cell recovery between immune non-responders and complete responders on long-term antiretroviral treatment

Abstract Background The dynamics of viral reservoir decay and naive CD4 T-cell recovery between immunological non-responders (INR) and complete responders (CR) during long-term antiretroviral treatment (ART) are not fully known. Methods Twenty-eight chronic HIV-infected individuals on 5-year ART were divided into two groups: INR (CD4 counts ≤350 cells/μL, n = 13) and CR (CD4 counts ≥500 cells/μL, n = 15). The levels of HIV DNA and cell-associated HIV RNA (CA-RNA), CD4 counts, naive CD4 counts and their correlations were analyzed at baseline, years 1, 3 and 5 of ART between the two groups. Expression of PD-1 on CD4 T-cells was quantified by flow cytometry. Linear mixed effect models were used to estimate the change procession in repeated measurements over 5 years. Slopes of the above-mentioned indicators were estimated using participant-specific linear regressions, respectively. Results INR maintained higher levels of HIV DNA and CA-RNA with higher percentages of PD-1+CD4 T-cells compared with CR during 5-year ART, concurrent with lower naive CD4 T-cells. However, the rates of HIV DNA and CA-RNA decay in INR were not different from that in CR over time, and INR had higher rates of naive CD4 T-cell percentage recovery. The baseline levels of HIV DNA were positively associated with the 5-year levels of HIV DNA, but negatively associated with the 5-year naive CD4 counts. Conclusions INR maintained significantly higher viral reservoir and lower naive CD4 T-cells compared with CR during 5-year ART, however, the rates of reservoir decay and naive CD4 T-cell percentage growth within INR were not lower than that in CR over time.