Mitochondrial Featuring in Kidney Disordersand Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Mammalian cells utilize adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP) for cellular function. By oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is produced by aerobic metabolism of sugars and fats in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The oxidative phosphorylation involves 83 different protein subunits, among which 13 proteins are encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Besides these oxidative phosphorylation enzymes, mtDNA also encodes 22 tRNAs and 2 rRNAs. All of these 37 coding regions are arranged in intronless mtDNA, which is 16.569 bp in humans.