Serum antioxidant vitamins and risk of lung and stomach cancers in Shenyang, China

In a hospital-based case control study, we measured serum concentrations of vitamin A, β-carotene and vitamin E for subjects with cancer (58 cases of lung cancer and 22 cases of stomach cancer) and 63 matched controls in Shenyang, China. Lung cancer patients had significantly (P<0.01) lower mean serum levels of vitamin A, β-carotene and vitamin E than controls, while the mean serum level of vitamin E did not differ between stomach cancer patients and the controls. Lower serum levels of vitamin A, vitamin E and β-carotene were associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. Lower serum levels of vitamin A and β-carotene were associated with a higher risk of stomach cancer, although the number of cases was small. An increased risk of lung cancer associated with lower serum levels of vitamin A and vitamin E was more evident among heavy smokers than among non-heavy smokers.