Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 in a semi-arid and petrochemical-industrialized city, Northwest China

Abstract Daily PM 2.5 samples were collected in 2014 at a suburban petrochemical industrial site and a downtown site in Lanzhou city, Northwest China. Major chemical components in PM 2.5 , including water-soluble ions, metal elements, and organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC) were determined. The chemical mass closure method and the ISORROPIA II thermodynamic equilibrium model were used to reconstruct PM 2.5 mass and quantify the combinations of NH 4 + , SO 4 2 − and NO 3 − to PM 2.5 . Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was employed to apportion potential sources of PM 2.5 . The annual average PM 2.5 concentration was 93.7 ± 49.6 μg m − 3 at the suburban petrochemical industrial site and 88.9 ± 52.0 μg m − 3 at the urban site, with the highest seasonal average in winter and the lowest in summer at both sites. Mineral dust was identified as the highest contributor to PM 2.5 in spring, while water-soluble inorganic ions and carbonaceous aerosols were the dominant chemical components in other seasons. The correlation relationships between OC and EC and between K + and EC suggested that coal combustion and vehicle exhaust were the major sources of carbonaceous aerosols in Lanzhou. Six major sources were identified by the PMF model. Coal combustion, soil dust, traffic emissions, and secondary inorganic aerosols were the dominant contributors, together accounting for 82% of PM 2.5 mass.