Expanded Taxonomic Sampling Coupled with Gene Genealogy Interrogation Provides Unambiguous Resolution for the Evolutionary Root of Angiosperms

The branching order of major angiosperm lineages is a challenging phylogenetic question that has received substantial attention in recent years. Two main competing hypotheses place the New Caledonian Amborella as either sister to all other extant angiosperms (Amborella-sister) or to the water lilies (Amborella + Nymphaeales). Here, we revisit this question by expanding a transcriptomic data set of 310 genes previously assembled to include data from seven species comprising two major lineages of flowering plants that were poorly represented or missing from the original study. We also applied gene genealogy interrogation, a recent approach based on constrained tree searches in combination with topology tests, to account for gene tree estimation error and its downstream effects in coalescent analyses. In addition to gene genealogy interrogation, we conducted a large number of multilocus analyses, including concatenation and coalescent approaches (using both unconstrained and constrained gene trees), and based on different data sets (original and expanded) and data types (nucleotide and amino acid sequences). We show that the majority of gene trees favor Amborella-sister topology, and all multilocus analyses conducted (concatenation and coalescent) provide overwhelming support for this hypothesis regardless of data type. Beyond resolving the evolutionary root of angiosperms with confidence, our results highlight the importance of both broadening taxonomic sampling in phylogenomics and addressing the effects of gene tree error in summary coalescent inferences.