Changes in prion replication environment cause prion strain mutation

Interspecies prion transmission often leads to stable changes in physical and biological features of prion strains, a phenomenon referred to as a strain mutation. It remains unknown whether changes in the replication environment in the absence of changes in PrP primary structure can be a source of strain mutations. To approach this question, RNA content was altered in the course of amplification of hamster strains in serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCAb). On adaptation to an RNA-depleted environment and then readaptation to an environment containing RNA, strain 263K gave rise to a novel PrPSc conformation referred to as 263KR+, which is characterized by very low conformational stability, high sensitivity to proteolytic digestion, and a replication rate of 106-fold/PMCAb round, which exceeded that of 263K by almost 104-fold. A series of PMCAb experiments revealed that 263KR+ was lacking in brain-derived 263K material, but emerged de novo as a result of changes in RNA content. A similar transformation was also observed for strain Hyper, suggesting that this phenomenon was not limited to 263K. The current work demonstrates that dramatic PrPSc transformations can be induced by changes in the prion replication environment and without changes in PrP primary structure.—Gonzalez-Montalban, N., Jin Lee, Y., Makarava, N., Savtchenko, R., Baskakov, I. V. Changes in prion replication environment cause prion strain mutation.