Modulation of the growth performance, biochemical parameters, and non-specific immune responses of the hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×E. lanceolatus♂) by two kinds of Chinese herb

Abstract This study investigated the effects of pyrola (Pyrola calliantha) and common verbena (Verbena officinalis) on the growth performance, biochemical parameters, and non-specific immune responses of the hybrid grouper (♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatu). The fish fed with diets containing common verbena or pyrola powder was incorporated into the basal diet at 0, 20(A2), 40(A4), and 60(A6) g/kg, or 20(B2), 40(B4), and 60(B6) g/kg, respectively, for 60 d. Common verbena significantly improved the growth performance of grouper, especially at the dose of 40 g/kg (p