The toxicological effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on marine microalgae

Abstract Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are manufactured in large quantities and are used in a wide range of applications. It is important to understand the toxic aspects of TiO2 NPs at a very early stage to establish a formal protocol for their usage and discharge into the marine environment. The diverse marine system makes TiO2 NPs more vulnerable to the species present within the system. Thus, in this chapter, we address the applications and release of TiO2 NPs, followed by the fate and behavior of TiO2 NPs in seawater. A major focus is given to interpret the toxic effects and mechanisms of toxic action on marine microalgae. Finally, the existing knowledge gaps and the potential research needs on the application, release, and the toxic effects of TiO2 NPs are discussed.