Study on Molecular Taxonomy and Phylogenetic Analysis of Phytoplankton

Microalgae, also known as phytoplankton, are abundant microorganisms, which originate in freshwater and marine atmospheres. Phytoplankton play a key role in bio-geochemistry, subsequently they yield the bulk of oxygen on earth through photosynthesis. Microalgae can produce high-value chemical products like carotenoids, antioxidants, fatty acids, and sterols. Microalgae can also be considered as an attractive raw material for biofuel production and CO2 sequestration. However, unfortunately the expertise and techniques available for taxonomic identification of microalgae using morphological characteristics are very scarce. This chapter dealt the latest research and newest approaches to study the taxonomy of these important organisms, as well as covering the modern method such as molecular taxonomy and phylogenetic analysis of phytoplankton. The chapter first deals with practical information on methods of isolation of genomic DNA and evolutionary analysis of phytoplankton, for different algal species. This could be an indispensable tool for anyone working in this field to learn more about these microorganisms.