The evolution of locked plates

Our purpose is to review the history of locked plates and the current recommendations for the use of those devices and to look toward future trends in the clinical application of locked plates. We will discuss (1) the impetus for the locked (fixed-angle) plate design, (2) current indications and design trends, (3) the latest clinical and biomechanical data, (4) shortcomings of locked (fixed-angle) plates, and (5) future applications and directions for locked (fixed-angle) plates. Since their initial introduction in the late nineteenth century and their subsequent popularization by Danis1-3 and the Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Osteosynthesefragen (AO) group in the 1960s, conventional nonlocked plates have proven, over time, to successfully stabilize many types of fractures and osteotomy sites. The plate-screw-bone construct must resist physiological loads to allow fracture union by limiting fracture gap stress, provide sufficient stability to permit early limb motion, and not fail before fracture union occurs. Additionally, for optimal clinical results, disruption of the bone blood supply by the plate-screw-bone construct should be minimized. To accomplish this goal, there should be minimal operative dissection and periosteal contact to promote bone union4,5. Ideally, the plate-screw-bone construct will permit the restoration of the mechanical limb alignment and reestablish joint congruity to within <2 mm2,6,7. Finally, to be successful, plate fixation must provide reproducible results, must be simple to perform, and must have broad clinical applicability. Fixation with conventional compression plates, although for the most part successful, has its limitations. Figure 1 demonstrates one attempt to counter the limitations associated with the use of conventional nonlocked plates. To achieve fracture stability, the axial, torsional, and three-point bending forces must be neutralized (Fig. 2). With the use of conventional nonlocked plates, force friction between the plate and the bone counters …