Risk factors associated with iatrogenic opioid and benzodiazepine withdrawal in critically ill pediatric patients: a systematic review and conceptual model.

Objective Analgesia and sedation are common therapies in pediatric critical care, and rapid titration of these medications is associated with iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome (IWS). We performed a systematic review of the literature to identify all common and salient risk factors associated with IWS and build a conceptual model of IWS risk in critically ill pediatric patients.