Within the hidden epidemic: sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS among American Indians and Alaska Natives.

Objectives: To review the epidemiology, research, and prevention programs for sexually transmitted diseases in American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs). Study Design: We reviewed the current national and regional trends in sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) for AI/ANs from 1998 – 2004, peer-reviewed studies from January 1996, through May 2006, and reports, unpublished documents, and electronic resources addressing AI/AN STD prevention and control. Results: STD prevalence among AI/ANs remains high. For example, the case rate of C. trachomatis in the North Central Plains AI/AN populations is 6 times the overall US rate. Trends for C. trachomatis also show sustained increases. Little research exists on STDs for this population, and most is focused on HIV/AIDS. Fear of compromised confidentiality, cultural taboos, and complex financial and service relationships inhibit effective surveillance, prevention, and management. Conclusions: Recommendations for STD control in this population include improved local surveillance and incorporation of existing frameworks of health and healing into prevention and intervention efforts. Research defining the parameters of cultural context and social epidemiology of STDs is necessary. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD) in American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) are an important public health concern, with reported case rates for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis that are 2 to 6 times higher than rates in non-Hispanic whites (in keeping with the 1977 National Congress of American Indians and the National Tribal Chairmen’s Association resolution, we use the term American Indians and Alaska Natives, abbreviated to AI/AN. We also use the term Native to refer to both American Indians and Alaska Native peoples). 1 Recent data suggest that the gap in prevalence of most reportable STDs between AI/AN and other racial/ethnic groups may be widening. 1,2 Women infected