Autologous mesenchymal stem cell implantation, hydroxyapatite, bone morphogenetic protein-2, and internal fixation for treating critical-sized defects: a translational study

Introduction Critical-sized defect (CSD) is one of the most challenging cases for orthopaedic surgeons. We aim to explore the therapeutic potential of the combination of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), hydroxyapatite (HA) granules, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and internal fixation for treating CSDs.