Consensus development of quality indicators for end‐of‐life care for elders in Japan

Aims and objectives Quality indicators for end-of-life care have been published; however, none have been developed specifically for nursing in the cultural and traditional context of Japan. This study aimed to develop and build a consensus of quality indicators for end-of-life care for elders in Japan from the perspective of nursing science. Methods To develop the quality indicators, we used a literature review, expert panel process, and the Delphi technique among clinical nurse specialists in geriatrics. Results Quality indicators were identified in 7 major areas: advance directives and surrogate continuity, ethical daily care, care preferences and decisions about life-sustaining treatment, assessment and management of pain and other symptoms, daily care for the dying, family care, and institutional systems for end-of-life care. Conclusions These quality indicators represent the first attempt to develop a best practices approach toward improving the quality of elderly end-of-life care in nursing.