Review on the applications and development of fluidized bed electrodes

Fluidized bed electrodes (FBEs), which were discovered in the late 1960s, are 3D (three-dimensional) particle electrodes. The FBEs have been attracting extensive attention because of their unique properties and advantages, such as higher space-time yield, high active electrode area, and higher mass transfer rate than conventional electrochemical reactors. This review summarizes the progress of FBEs and spouted bed electrodes in the past few decades and focuses on their applications in metallurgy, environmental protection, functional particle preparation, energy storage and conversion, redox reaction, and water treatment. Although most examples outlined in this paper are still in laboratory, they can provide researchers with useful guidance for further exploration.