Verification of z-Scaling in p + p, $$\bar {p} + p$$ and Au + Au Collisions at RHIC, Tevatron and LHC

Experimental data on transverse momentum spectra of charged hadrons, strange particles, top quark and jets produced in $$p + p$$ and $$\bar {p} + p$$ collisions obtained at RHIC, Tevatron, and LHC are analyzed in the framework of $$z$$-scaling approach. The concept of the $$z$$-scaling based on fundamental principles of self-similarity, locality, and fractality of hadron interactions is verified over a wide range of collision energy and transverse momentum for different particle species. General properties of the data $$z$$-presentation are reviewed. A microscopic scenario of constituent interactions developed within the $$z$$-scaling scheme is used to study the dependence of momentum fractions and recoil mass on the collision energy, transverse momentum and mass of produced inclusive particle, and to estimate the constituent energy loss. Results of analysis in the framework of $$z$$-scaling of the negative particle spectra in $${\text{Au}} + {\text{Au}}$$ collisions obtained by the STAR Collaboration in the first phase of the Beam Energy Scan program at RHIC are presented. New indication on self-similarity of fractal structure of nuclei and fragmentation processes is found.