Ions penetrating through ion-optical systems and matter — non-liouvillian phase-space modelling

Abstract Desirable and inevitable phase-space modifications for heavy ions propagating through matter and ion-optical systems are described. Some aspects of the interaction of energetic ions with matter incorporated in ion-optical devices and the use of profiled targets at relativistic energies are discussed. A variety of measured and calculated results is presented which demonstrates interesting applications, including the interaction of heavy ions under channeling conditions or with free electron targets, and the separation and implantation of radioactive beams. As examples, some of the new GSI projects are briefly presented which illustrate the growing importance of non-Liouvillian ion-optics.