Toyotamaphimeia cf. machikanensis (Crocodylia, Tomistominae) from the Middle Pleistocene of Osaka, Japan, and crocodylian survivorship through the Pliocene-Pleistocene climatic oscillations

Abstract Crocodylians are ectothermic animals, and their past distribution has been greatly influenced by changing climate since their Cretaceous origin. The Pliocene-Pleistocene witnessed a contraction of the crocodylian latitudinal ranges due to rapid cooling with superimposed pronounced orbital-scale climate oscillations. However, a chronologically-continuous record of the geographically marginal populations of crocodylians is yet to be provided for this time interval, and crocodylian response to such climatic changes is poorly known. This study describes a partial crocodylian skeleton from the Middle Pleistocene of Osaka, Japan, diagnosed as Toyotamaphimeia cf. machikanensis , on the basis of character comparisons, including ontogenetic skull shape change, and consideration of the reconstruction error in the holotype of T. machikanensis . Pliocene-Pleistocene record of fossil crocodylians in the Kinki, Tokai, and Kanto districts of Japan extends from ~3.5 Ma to ~0.3 Ma. The paleotemperature estimates for the crocodylian-bearing horizons indicate that late Early–Middle Pleistocene crocodylians in the Kinki district of Japan were living near their lower thermal limit. During the glacial periods, they might have moved to the southern extremity of Japan or locally became extinct from Japan, while re-expanding their range after the end of glacial periods.