Role of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in clinical T2N0M0 esophageal cancer: A population-based cohort study

Abstract Background The aim of this population-based cohort study was to determine whether the addition of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) to surgery is associated with improved pathologic outcomes and survival in patients with cT2N0M0 esophageal cancer. Methods Patients who underwent nCRT followed by surgery or surgery alone for cT2N0M0 esophageal cancer were identified from The Netherlands Cancer Registry database (2005–2014). Accuracy of clinical staging was assessed using the resection specimen as gold standard. After propensity score matching, influences of both treatment strategies on radical resection (R0) rates and overall survival were compared. Results In total 533 patients were included; 353 underwent nCRT followed by surgery and 180 underwent surgery alone. In the nCRT group 32% of patients achieved a pathologic complete response. Clinical understaging was observed in 62% of the patients in the surgery alone group based on pT-stage (n = 30, 27%), pN-stage (n = 26, 23%), or both (n = 55, 50%). Propensity score matching resulted in 78 patients who underwent nCRT plus surgery versus 78 who underwent surgery alone. In the nCRT group radical resections were more frequently observed (99% vs. 89% p = 0.031) and resulted in improved 5-year overall survival (46% vs. 33%, p = 0.017). Conclusion In this population-based study, clinical staging of cT2N0M0 esophageal cancer was highly inaccurate. Compared to surgery alone, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy was associated with higher radical resection rates and improved overall survival.