Influence of reactor and condensation system design on tyre pyrolysis products yields

Abstract This study investigates the effect the pyrolysis reactor and the condensing system type have on the tyre derived oil (TDO) and dl -limonene yield, as well as benzothiazole concentration in the TDO. All the experiments were performed at 475 °C and three technologies were investigated, fixed bed reactor (FBR), bubbling fluidised bed reactor (BFBR) and conical spouted bed reactor (CSBR), with the latter being the reactor that provided the highest TDO yield (58.2 wt.%). Furthermore, the CSBR enhances dl -limonene production due to its excellent features (low residence time of volatiles and high heat and mass transfer rates), which minimize secondary cracking reactions. Moreover, in order to maximize the TDO retention efficiency and selectively and reduce the concentration of certain heteroaromatic species, two types of condensation systems were evaluated: tube-and-shell condenser (indirect contact) and a quenching condenser (direct contact). The quenching condenser not only promoted the condensation efficiency for dl -limonene, but also reduced the concentration of benzothiazole in the collected TDO. Indeed, the direct contact between water (fed into the quencher) and the hot volatile stream favours the dissolution of some polar heteroaromatic species, thus reducing the nitrogen and sulphur content in the TDO and increasing the applicability of TDO as fuel.