Polyomavirus Associated Nephropathy: Frequency and Graft Survival Analysis in Northeast of Iran

Background & Objective Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN), mainly caused by the BK virus, is one of the most important infectious complications of kidney transplantation. The leading histopathologic characteristics of PVAN is viral cytopathic effects, such as nucleomegaly with smudged or clumped chromatin and intranuclear ground-glass inclusion, mostly in tubular epithelial cells. Moreover, tubular necrosis, tubulitis, interstitial inflammation, atrophy, and fibrosis have been noted. Positive immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for SV-40 highlights the infected epithelial cells of renal tubules. Methods A total of 85 core needle biopsies of transplanted kidneys were evaluated histologically and were stained for SV-40 using the IHC method. In addition, a follow-up of graft failure was performed. Results Our findings revealed that the frequency of polyomavirus infection in kidney transplant patients in the Northeast of Iran is 4.7%. There was no significant correlation between PVAN and graft rejection. Although a higher rate of graft loss was observed in PVAN patients, in comparison with non-PVAN patients (25% vs. 14.8%), the difference was not statistically significant. Moreover, patients with immunohistochemically confirmed PVAN and those with histopathologic features of viral-like cytopathic effects had significantly lower graft survival in the follow-up period (42.5 vs. 196.8 months and 109.4 vs. 205.7 months, respectively). Conclusion The frequency of polyomavirus infection in kidney transplant patients in the Northeast of Iran is 4.7%. There was no significant correlation between PVAN and graft rejection. Furthermore, we observed that polyomavirus infection accelerates the course of graft loss.