Understanding the Development of the Central Nervous System and Its Relationship to Clinical Practice

The goal of this chapter is to review the basic development of the central nervous system and to relate this development to clinical practice. The chapter will begin with a basic neuroanatomy of the brain starting with a discussion of the structure and function of the four brain lobes. In addition, this structure and function will be discussed as it relates to stages within a neurotypical child’s development. Maternal stress, alcoholism, and other substances, and poverty can cause significant disruption to the developing brain and result in lifelong disabilities. These disabilities can be cognitive, behavioral, and/or emotional in nature. Particular structures that are vulnerable are in the limbic system, the language system, and the prefrontal cortex. These structures basically allow the child to adapt to his/her environment and the changing requirements of that environment. When these structures are compromised, the resulting adaptation of the child and eventually the adult is less than optimal. Support of children, and their families, who are in adverse situations can improve their future. It is sobering to recall that continued stress over long periods of time can result in genetic transformation of the telomeres of the chromosomes that is then transmitted to the next generation. Multicultural and ethnic differences will be discussed as they relate to neuroanatomy. Finally, a foundation for later chapters on errors in neurodevelopment will be provided to assist the clinical, school, and counseling psychologist in understanding why this neurodevelopment is crucial for the child’s adjustment.