Elevation of jugular venous superoxide anion radical is associated with early inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial injury in forebrain ischemia–reperfusion rats

Abstract A novel electrochemical sensor was used in this study to determine the correlations between jugular venous O 2 − and HMGB1, malondialdehyde (MDA), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in rats with forebrain ischemia/reperfusion (FBI/R). Twenty-one male rats were divided into a Sham group, a hemorrhagic shock/reperfusion (HS/R) group, and a forebrain ischemia/reperfusion (FBI/R) group. The O 2 − sensor in the jugular vein detected the current derived from O 2 − generation (abbreviated as “O 2 − current”), which was integrated as the partial value of quantified electricity during ischemia ( Q I ) and after reperfusion ( Q R ). The plasma O 2 − current showed a gradual increase during forebrain ischemia in the HS/R and the FBI/R groups. The current showed a marked increase immediately after reperfusion and continued for more than 60 min in the FBI/R group. In the HS/R group, the current was gradually attenuated to the baseline level. Brain and plasma HMGB1 increased significantly in the FBI/R group compared with those in the Sham and the HS/R groups, and both brain and plasma HMGB1 correlated significantly with the sum of Q I and Q R (total Q ). Brain and plasma MDA and plasma soluble ICAM-1 also correlated significantly with total Q . Here, we report the correlation between O 2 − and HMGB1, MDA, and sICAM-1 in rats with cerebral ischemia–reperfusion, using a novel electrochemical sensor. These data indicated that excessive production of O 2 − after ischemia–reperfusion was associated with early inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial activation in the brain and plasma, which might enhance the ischemia–reperfusion injury.