The Heating Mechanisms in Chromosphere and Corona

The important achievements and progress of the heating mechanisms of the star chromospheres and coronae in recent years are briefly reviewed in this paper.Various kinds of mechanisms have been proposed to accomplish the heating processes in the start atmosphere,and there are different mechanisms in the regions with or without magnetic field. In the region without magnetic field,the main heating mechanism is shock dissipation from acoustic waves which generated by the motion of turbulent in photosphere.The energy carried by the slow and fast magnetoacoustic waves,Alfven wave is dissipated into heat in the region with magnetic field.The other heating mechanisms in the magnetic field region are magnetic reconnection which occurred with complex magnetic field structure,and the Fermi acceleration which heat the atmosphere in the low-beta coronal hole.