Platinum group element-based nanozymes for biomedical applications: An overview.

With a rapid advancement of nanotechnology and the close integration of disciplines, research on nanozymes (nanomaterials with enzyme-like activities), is becoming an expeditiously developing field. In recent years, platinum group element-based (Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Ir, and Os) nanozymes developed successively, have not only promoted the research of nanozymes but also expanded the biomedical applications of nanomaterials. Generally speaking, platinum group element-based nanozymes process high catalytic efficiency, specific surface area, stability, and other physical/chemical properties, which benefit for their applications in biosensing, biological medicine, biomedical imaging, and environmental protection. This paper will introduce the research progress of platinum group element-based nanozymes including their synthesis, characterization, enzyme-like activities, stability, biocompatibility, toxicity, and applications for biological detection and clinical relevance. Our emphasis is put on unfolding the roles of platinum group element-based nanozymes in biomedical applications and how they overcome the limitations. Last but not least, trends and future perspectives of platinum group element-based nanozymes in biomedical applications are also provided.