Liver choline metabolism and gene expression in choline-deficient mice offspring differ with gender

Choline is an important nutrient during pregnancy and lactation. Maternal choline deficiency in CD-1 mice lowers liver betaine levels in male offspring. By contrast, it increases elovl3 and vanin-1 mRNA levels in female offspring. Taken together, these observations suggest gender-specific responses to a choline-deficient diet.