Production in Giant Clam Aquaculture: Trends and Challenges

ABSTRACTGiant clams are bivalves found across Indo-Pacific coral reefs and intensively harvested for both food and marine aquarium trade markets. Aquaculture protocols are well established, but there is very little data available on production and trade. This review compiled data from several international agencies and from each one of the 20 giant clam farms active in 13 countries in the Indo-Pacific. The findings show that the import/export data do not match, and that approximately 50% of internationally traded clams are aquacultured. Approximately 150,000 individuals were produced in 2015, mostly by private companies targeting the aquarium trade. Government hatcheries produced clams not only for the aquarium trade, but also for restocking and feeding local communities. However, production is still low and only three of the 20 farms collaborate with universities or research institutions and all of them reported production problems related to technical, commercial, infrastructure, and environmental issue...