Incidence of Arrhythmias and Their Prognostic Value in Patients With Multiple Myeloma

Background: Arrhythmias are the common cardiovascular complications in multiple myeloma (MM) patients and are related to a poor prognosis. Objective: This study aimed to assess the burden of arrhythmias and their prognostic value in patients with MM. Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients with MM between January 2015 and April 2020 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University. The incidence of arrhythmia and associated risk factors were evaluated. The relationship between the type of arrhythmia and survival was analyzed. Results: A total of 319 patients with MM were identified, and 48.0% (153/319) had arrhythmias. The most common type of arrhythmia was sinus tachycardia (ST) (15.0%, 48/319), followed by sinus bradycardia (SB) (14.4%, 46/319), premature atrial contractions (PACs) (6.3%, 20/319), conduction disorders (CDs) (6.0%, 19/319), atrial fibrillation (AF) (6.0%, 19/319), premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) (4.4%, 14/319) and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) (0.6%, 2/319). The patients with arrhythmia had higher levels of log NT-proBNP and creatinine, greater bortezomib use, and a higher incidence of diabetes rate than those without arrhythmias (P < 0.05). The all-cause mortality rates of patients without arrhythmias and those with AF, ST, PACs, CDs, SB and PVCs were 50.6% (84/166), 73.7% (14/19), 60.4% (29/48), 60.0% (12/20), 52.6% (10/19), 34.8% (16/46), and 28.6% (4/14), respectively. In a subgroup analysis of patients experiencing different types of arrhythmias, patients with SB had lower all-cause mortality than patients with AF and ST (P < 0.05). Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses showed that there was a positive statistically significant association between SB and survival (HR: 0.592 [0.352-0.998], P=0.049) in a subgroup analysis of different arrhythmias. Conclusions: Patients with MM had a heavy arrhythmia burden, and in this study approximately half of MM patients had arrhythmias. MM patients with SB was associated with lower all-cause mortality than those with AF and ST. SB and might be an independent positive factor for prognosis.