Catalytic Transformation of Biomass-Derived 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural over Supported Bimetallic Iridium-Based Catalysts

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a biobased platform chemical that can be valorized into a spectrum of valuable products. In this report, supported Ir, Ir–Co, Ir–Ni, and Ir–Ru catalysts were investigated for this purpose. Only hydrogenation of HMF to 2,5-bis-(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) occurred over all catalysts. The effect of the second metal (Co, Ni, and Ru) on Ir/SiO₂ was reflected by the kinetic constants being in the order Ir–Ni/SiO₂ > Ir–Co/SiO₂ > Ir–Ru/SiO₂. The oxophilic nature of the secondary metal improved the catalytic performance of the bimetallic catalysts compared to the monometallic iridium catalyst (Ir/SiO₂). Addition of HCOOH and H₂SO₄ as cocatalysts is a strategy to reach one-pot conversion of HMF to 2,5-di-methylfuran (DMF). Over-hydrogenolysis products such as 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran were formed when only H₂SO₄ was added, giving higher activity compared to addition of HCOOH. Simultaneous presence of acids gave the highest HMF conversion, promoting esterification to 5-formyloxymethyl furfural and allowing the one-pot transformation of HMF to DMF. Thermodynamic analysis of HMF transformations revealed that both hydrogenation and dehydration steps are feasible.