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An X-ray detector for obtaining time resolved signals from intense pulsed X-ray sources, such as from a fuel pellet during a laser fusion process. The detector has a cathode which emits electrons when bombarded by X-rays from the fuel pellet. The electrons are accelerated by an electron accelerator to relativistic velocities and impinge on a Cherenkov emitter which radiates light. An optical system collects and focuses the radiated light onto an image converter streak camera or other fast photodetector to provide a trace of the light intensity as a function of time. Time resolved images of the fuel pellet may be produced by the detector and recorded by an image converter streak camera or by a camera using an optical Kerr cell shutter.