Influences and Complications

The complexity of LUTS is greater when viewed in some of the contexts with which they are particularly associated. Mixed urinary incontinence reflects co-existence of both storage and voiding LUTS, each substantially affecting the patient’s quality of life. Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is common and can cause voiding difficulty; furthermore, POP treatment can allow emergence of stress incontinence that was largely unrecognized before the operation. For men, erectile dysfunction (or concern about developing it) can affect treatment choice. LUTS are commonplace in metabolic syndrome, indicating how the complex physiology of the system is vulnerable to medical conditions. Urinary tract and sexually transmitted infections are exceptionally important factors complicating LUTS mechanisms and assessment. Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate which may be caused by infection or non-infectious causes, and is another cause of storage and voiding LUTS. The psychological impact of symptoms, assessment, and treatment are exceptionally influential in prognosis at every stage. Both adolescence and advanced age bring additional challenges.