Tomographic Vp and Vs structure of the California Central Coast Ranges, in the vicinity of SAFOD, from controlled-source seismic data

SUMMARY A seismic reflection/refraction survey across the San Andreas fault near Parkfield, California, has refined our knowledge of the upper crustal structure of the central California Coast Ranges at the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD). The survey consisted of a 46-km-long line of seismographs (25–50 m spacing) and 63 explosions (25–200 kg; nominal spacing of 500 m, with some gaps). The traveltimes of refracted P and S waves from the explosions constitute independent data sets of relatively high quality that were inverted to produce P- and S-wave velocity models (Vp, Vs) along the profile, extending to as much as 5 km depth. The Vp and Vs models show a prominent lateral drop in velocities a few hundred metres northeast of SAFOD, between the drill hole and the San Andreas fault. The Vp model shows particularly well a southwest-dipping velocity inversion beneath SAFOD, the top of which correlates with a fault penetrated by the drill hole that separates granitic rocks above from sedimentary rocks below. In addition to Vp and Vs models, a Vp/Vs model was derived. A Vp/Vs ratio lower than 1.73 is seen only at depth, in a narrow zone beginning at the target earthquakes for SAFOD and extending downward and northeastward into the North America Plate. Clusters in the parameter space spanned by Vp/Vs ratios and Vp can be identified by two different methods, one more intuitive analytical method and one more abstract method based on neural network techniques. These clusters are correlated to different rock types, based on laboratory and in situ data. These clusters are remapped back into x–z plane along the profile. Prominent features mapped this way include Salinian granitic rocks beneath and west of SAFOD, and a body of sedimentary rocks faulted beneath these granitic rocks along what we and others interpret to be a branch of the Buzzard Canyon Fault (BCF) system. These sedimentary rocks extend from this fault to the San Andreas fault system. Unfortunately, our cluster analysis shows no significant discontinuity at the San Andreas fault, owing presumably to the fact that the San Andreas fault is located within sedimentary rocks having similar elastic properties. This paper is an attempt to ‘downward’ continue a geological map by geophysical means based on elastic properties of rock samples from the region.