Efficiency of mono-stable piezoelectric Duffing energy harvester in the secondary resonances by averaging method. Part 1: Sub-harmonic resonance

Abstract The smart structures with the harmonic nonlinear vibration are used widely to broaden the frequency range of vibrations energy harvesting. In the paper, the potential of harvesting vibratory energy via a mono-stable Duffing energy harvester subjected to sub-harmonic excitation is investigated. The averaging method is used to derive the approximate solutions of the electromechanical linkage management equation system. The output voltage, power and energy harvesting efficiency of the harvester are investigated.