IFN-γ Attenuates Antigen-Induced Overall Immune Response in the Airway As a Th1-Type Immune Regulatory Cytokine

Allergic inflammation in the airway is generally considered a Th2-type immune response. However, recent studies demonstrated that Th1- and Th17-type immune responses also play important roles in this process. IFN-γ is a Th1-type cytokine that generally counteracts the Th2 response. Although previous studies suggest that exogenous IFN-γ suppresses allergic airway inflammation, the mechanism of suppression has not been fully clarified. In this study, we elucidated whether IFN-γ suppresses Ag-induced immune responses including the production of Th1- and Th17-type cytokines in the lung, and examined its mechanism of action. BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA-Ag to induce airway inflammation. An IFN-γ-producing plasmid vector was delivered before systemic Ag sensitization. IFN-γ suppressed indicators of Th2-type immune responses such as airway eosinophilia, IL-5 and IL-13 production in the lung, and bronchial mucus production. Moreover, IFN-γ also suppressed the production of IL-17 and IFN-γ itself. The suppression was not mediated by inducing regulatory T cells or by inducing apoptosis in immunocytes. Instead, IFN-γ suppressed the Ag-presenting capacity and cytokine production of splenic dendritic cells and thus subsequently suppressed OVA-induced activation of CD4 + T cells. Furthermore, IFN-γ also attenuated allergic airway inflammation when delivered during the OVA challenge. Various functions of lung CD11c + APCs and their migration to regional lymph nodes were also suppressed. These results suggest that the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ has broad immune regulatory potential through suppressing APC functions. They also suggest that delivery of IFN-γ could be an effective strategy for regulating Ag-induced immune responses in the lung.