C–N and C–O Bond Formation in Copper-Catalyzed/Mediated sp3 C–H Activation: Mechanistic Studies from Experimental and Computational Aspects

Mechanistic studies on Cu-catalyzed/mediated sp3 C-H amidation and acetoxylation are investigated from experimental and computational aspects. The concerted metalation-deprotonation (CMD) mechanism rather than a radical-involved pathway is proved to occur in amidation and acetoxylation reactions, and this is the rare example of CMD mechanism involved in the more challenging sp3 C-H activations. Theoretical calculations demonstrated that CMD is the rate deter-mining step either for methylic or benzylic positions in amidation and acetoxylation reactions, and intermolecular nucle-ophilic addition of acetate anions is more favorable than ring-opening of β-lactam and intramolecular acetoxylation. These mechanistic researches on the divergent and condition-dependent product formation are critical for developing Cu-promoted C-H functionalization via CMD mechanism.