Helicobacter pylori infection, chronic atrophic gastritis and major cardiovascular events: A population-based cohort study

Abstract Objective There is debate whether infection with Helicobacter ( H. ) pylori , the main inducer of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and premature mortality. Methods Serological measurements of H. pylori infection and pepsinogen (PG) I and II were obtained in a population-based German cohort of 9953 older adults (50–74 years). Cox regression was employed to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular and all-cause mortality during five-year follow-up. Results According to serology, 4977 participants (51.9%) were infected with H. pylori (2604 with cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA) strains) and 541 (5.7%) had CAG (PGI H. pylori infections were associated with an increased risk for myocardial infarction, stroke or all-cause mortality. Intriguingly, infection with cagA positive H. pylori strains was inversely associated with cardiovascular mortality (HR, 0.62; CI: 0.41–0.94). No statistically significant associations were observed for the small group of participants with CAG, but point estimates of adjusted HRs for myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular mortality were all below 1 (0.71, 0.59 and 0.65, respectively). Conclusions Our results do not support the hypothesis that H. pylori infection or CAG are risk factors for cardiovascular disease or mortality and instead suggest an inverse relationship of cagA positive H. pylori infection with fatal cardiovascular events.