The Mechanism of Recording in Pro- and Eukaryotes

Originally published in: Protein Synthesis and Ribosome Structure. Edited by Knud H. Nierhaus and Daniel N. Wilson. Copyright © 2004 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3-527-30638-1 The sections in this article are Introduction Maintaining Decoding Accuracy and the Reading Frame The Use of a Stop Signal for both Elongation and Termination of Protein Synthesis The Mechanism for Sec Incorporation at UGA Sites in Bacterial mRNAs The Gene Products The Mechanism of Sec Incorporation The Competition between Sec Incorporation and Canonical Decoding of UGA by RF2 Mechanism for Sec Incorporation at UGA Sites in Eukaryotic and Archaeal mRNAs The Gene Products The Mechanism of Sec Incorporation at Specific UGA Stop Codons Why does Recoding Occur at Stop Signals? The Stop Signal of Prokaryotic Genomes — Engineered for High Efficiency Decoding? The Stop Signal of Eukaryotic Genomes – Diversity Contributes to Recoding Readthrough of a Stop Signal: Decoding Stop as Sense Bypassing of a Stop Codon: ‘Free-wheeling’ on the mRNA Frameshifting Around Stop or Sense Codons Forward Frameshifting: the +1 Event Programed −1 Frameshifting: A Common Mechanism used by Many Viruses During Gene Expression Conclusion Keywords: protein synthesis; ribosome structure; recoding in pro- and eukaryotes; stop signal for both elongation and termination of protein synthesis; Sec incorporation at UGA sites in bacterial mRNAs; Sec incorporation in eukaryotic and archaeal mRNAs; readthrough of a stop signal; bypassing of a stop codon; frameshifting around stop or sense codons