Spatial variation in leaf traits and herbivore community within the beech canopy between two different latitudes

To understand how the herbivore community on beech canopies varies between two different latitudes, we assessed leaf traits and herbivory by three major feeding types (chewing, mining, and galling) at different positions in the canopy using a scaffolding system along a 1,400-km latitudinal gradient between Kuromatsunai (north) and Shiiba (south) in Japan. The chemical and morphological traits of the canopy foliage differed significantly between latitudes and between canopy parts. The leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf nitrogen, and carbon/nitrogen (CN) ratio were higher at south latitude than at north latitude. The upper canopy had a greater LMA, leaf nitrogen, and CN ratio than the lower canopy at both latitudes. On the other hand, herbivory by the three major feeding types differed significantly between latitudes and between canopy parts. The miner and galler densities were higher at south latitude than at north latitude, while the chewing herbivory was lower, showing different latitudinal patterns among feeding types. Among these feeding types, only chewing herbivory was higher in the lower canopy than in the upper canopy at both latitudes. The stepwise regression models showed that LMA and CN ratio explained spatial variation in chewing herbivory. Our study demonstrates that the latitudinal and spatial variations in leaf traits can play an important role in determining the latitudinal and spatial variations in the herbivore community on beech canopies via different responses of each feeding type.