MMP Secretion Rate and Inter-invadopodia Spacing Collectively Govern Cancer Invasiveness

Abstract Invadopodia are micron-sized invasive structures that mediate extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation through a combination of membrane-bound and soluble matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). However, how such localized degradation is converted into pores big enough for cancer cells to invade, and the relative contributions of membrane-bound versus soluble MMPs to this process remain unclear. In this article, we address these questions by combining experiments and simulations. We show that in MDA-MB-231 cells, an increase in ECM density enhances invadopodia-mediated ECM degradation and decreases inter-invadopodia spacing. ECM degradation is mostly mediated by soluble MMPs, which are activated by membrane-bound MT1-MMP. We present a computational model of invadopodia-mediated ECM degradation, which recapitulates the above observations and identifies MMP secretion rate as an important regulator of invadopodia stability. Simulations with multiple invadopodia suggest that inter-invadopodia spacing and MMP secretion rate collectively dictate the size of the degraded zones. Taken together, our results suggest that for creating pores conducive for cancer invasion, cells must tune inter-invadopodia spacing and MMP secretion rate in an ECM density-dependent manner, thereby striking a balance between invadopodia penetration and ECM degradation.