Microwaves: Exposure and Potential Health Consequences

Microwaves are electromagnetic (EM) waves characterized by frequency ranging between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. The continuous exposure of people to EM sources, like power lines or domestic appliances present in the neighborhood or inside houses, and the use of EM sources very close to the human body, like cell phones, have given rise to increasing concern, both in public opinion and in scientific community, about possible risks to human health because of the EM exposure. This has led to the development of theoretical and experimental studies aimed at understanding the mechanisms by which EM fields (EMFs) and biological tissues interact with potential adverse health effects. Energy transfer to water molecules, leading to a temperature increase of the tissue, represents the only mechanism by which EMF may impact health at acceptable doses, according to international standards. Novel electrical and electronic technologies, new communication devices, and magnetic imaging technologies for medical use and other applications bring new potential for risk. There is little or no conclusive evidence that the level of radiofrequency (RF) within the acceptable range of exposures, and currently experienced by the general population, causes ill health. Nevertheless, on the basis of current scientific knowledge, the question of whether the use of these technologies poses an increased future health risk is still an open question. According to the results of the published research, there is a reasonable consensus that no significant observable adverse effects have been discovered relating to microwave (MW) exposure. Further work will be required to investigate detailed responses.